modular:
this grid can be created by drawing a margin all around the paper. then divide it into 6 columns with a distance (gutter) 5 mm between each column. then divide it into 10 or less rows, horizontally.
to make this grid, the paper can be divided into quarters. then, into 3 rows and 3 columns. the rectangle in the middle can be flipped sideways so that it lies lengthwise. the measurements need to be the same, and this rectangle needs to be centered. from then, the edges of the box can be connected to the edges of the paper so that they create straight lines.
star:
this grid is more complex to work with, as it is unlike the others: asymmetrical. it is also for a spread, which means that it is 2 A4s side by side, and this essentially makes an A3. to make this grid, draw a line from the bottom right to the top left corner. and do the same for the top right to the bottom left corner. then draw lines from the bottom left and right corners to the top centre of the page. (it looks like a star by now)
there is also the golden ratio and rule of thirds to assist with proportion:
golden ratio:
the creation of this ratio requires mathematics. here is an example where it is being applied:
the rule of thirds:
the rule of thirds basically implies that a picture would look a lot more appealing if the centre of the image is not concentrated. only one to two third should be occupied.







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